Method of constructing water hammer arrestor

ABSTRACT

A device for arresting a shock wave in a fluid in a pipe assembly. The device includes a base, body, and piston. The base has a connector portion with a first opening into an interior. The connector portion is configured to be coupled to the pipe assembly and allow the fluid to flow into the interior through the first opening. The body has an open end opposite a closed end and a channel that extends from the open end into the closed end. The open end is positioned inside a second opening into the interior of the base. Together the base and body form a housing in which the piston is positioned. The piston is slidable within the housing from a resting position to a compressing position when the shock wave travels through the pipe assembly. The piston compresses a gas inside the housing when in the compressing position.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a division of U.S. application Ser. No.15/479,131, filed on Apr. 4, 2017, which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The present invention is directed generally to devices configured toarrest water hammer and shock waves in other fluids in a pipe system.

Description of the Related Art

When an outlet of a pipe is suddenly closed, momentum in a mass of waterbefore the outlet causes pressure, which results a shock wave. Indomestic plumbing, this shock wave, which is referred to as a waterhammer, causes a banging or hammering noise. If the pressure in the pipeis great enough, the pipe may vibrate and/or break. Therefore, a needexists for devices configured to reduce or eliminate water hammer. Thepresent application provides these and other advantages as will beapparent from the following detailed description and accompanyingfigures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a water hammer arrestor installed in apipe system.

FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of the arrestor of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3A is a cross-sectional side view of the arrestor of FIG. 1illustrated with its piston in a resting position.

FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional side view of the arrestor of FIG. 1illustrated with the piston moved along a compression direction toabsorb at least a portion of the force of a water hammer traveling inthe pipe system.

FIG. 3C is a cross-sectional side view of the arrestor of FIG. 3Brotated 45 degrees from the cross-sectional side view of FIG. 3B.

FIG. 4 is a bottom perspective view of a base of the arrestor of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 is a top perspective view of the base of the arrestor of FIG. 1.

FIG. 6 is a bottom perspective view of a body of the arrestor of FIG. 1.

FIG. 7 is a side perspective view of the piston of the arrestor of FIG.1.

FIG. 8 is a top perspective view of the piston of the arrestor of FIG.1.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of a method of constructing the arrestor ofFIG. 1.

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional side view of the base of the arrestor ofFIG. 1 mounted in a fixture with gas being injected into the body beforethe body is fully inserted into the base.

FIG. 11 is an enlarged portion of FIG. 10.

FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional side view of the base of the arrestor ofFIG. 1 illustrated after the body has been fully inserted into the baseand before a ferrule has been installed.

FIG. 13 is a side elevational view of an alternate embodiment of thearrestor of FIG. 1 constructed with a second embodiment of the base.

FIG. 14A is a cross-sectional side view of the arrestor of FIG. 13illustrated with its piston in the resting position.

FIG. 14B is a cross-sectional side view of the arrestor of FIG. 13illustrated with the piston moved along the compression direction toabsorb at least a portion of the force of a water hammer traveling inthe pipe system.

FIG. 15 is an exploded perspective view showing components of apush-to-fit coupler of the arrestor of FIG. 13.

FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional side view of the second embodiment of thebase.

FIG. 17 is a bottom perspective view of the second embodiment of thebase.

Like reference numerals have been used in the figures to identify likestructures.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 illustrates a water hammer arrestor 100 configured to be threadedinto a pipe assembly 101. In the embodiment illustrated, the pipeassembly 101 includes a standard pipe fitting 102 connected to one ormore pipes 104. The fitting 102 includes inside threads 106. The pipe(s)104 may carry water or another type of fluid therein. Thus, a waterhammer (or similar shock wave) may travel in the pipe assembly 101passed the arrestor 100. The arrestor 100 is configured to reduce and/oreliminate the water hammer in the pipe assembly 101 when the waterhammer reaches the arrestor 100.

Referring to FIG. 2, the arrestor 100 includes a base 120, a lockingferrule 122, a body 124, a plunger or piston 126, and a plurality ofseals 131-135. Referring to FIG. 1, together, the base 120 and the body124 form a housing 140 that is locked together by the ferrule 122. Thus,the housing 140 may be constructed without the use of welding oradhesives. In the embodiment illustrated, the housing 140 has agenerally cylindrical outer shape with a circular lateralcross-sectional shape. The base 120, the body 124, and the piston 126may each be constructed (e.g., molded, cast, forged, machined, and thelike) from any suitable material, including plastic (e.g., chlorinatedpolyvinyl chloride (“CPVC”)) and/or metal. The ferrule 122 may beconstructed from metal (e.g., stainless steel, brass, bronze, aluminum,and the like) or other suitable material. Each of the seals 131-135 maybe implemented as an O-ring.

Referring to FIG. 3A, the piston 126 is positioned inside the housing140 and configured to move linearly relative to the housing 140 in botha compression direction (identified by an arrow 142) and a decompressiondirection (identified by an arrow 144). A gas chamber 150 is definedwithin the body 124 above the piston 126. The gas chamber 150 isconfigured to hold a gas (e.g., nitrogen). As shown in FIG. 3B, the gasis compressed when the piston 126 moves in the compression direction(identified by the arrow 142) toward a compressing position. Conversely,referring to FIG. 3A, the gas decompresses when the piston 126 moves inthe decompression direction (identified by the arrow 144) toward aresting position. As illustrated in FIG. 3A, the piston 126 rests on thebase 120 (in the resting position) until a pressure wave in the pipeassembly 101 (see FIG. 1) causes the piston 126 to move toward thecompression direction (identified by the arrow 142) illustrated in FIG.3B. This causes the gas to absorb at least some of the energy of thepressure wave thereby reducing and/or eliminate the water hammer. Whenthe pressure wave has dissipated, the piston 126 moves in thedecompression direction (identified by the arrow 144) and returns to itsresting position on the base 120 illustrated in FIG. 3A.

Referring to FIG. 4, the base 120 has a lower portion 200 opposite anupper portion 202. The base 120 also includes an intermediate portion204 positioned between the lower and upper portions 200 and 202. Thelower portion 200 has a connector portion 210 configured to be coupledto the pipe fitting 102 (see FIG. 1). In the embodiment illustrated, theconnector portion 210 includes outside threads 212 configured to bethreaded into the inside threads 106 (see FIG. 1) of the pipe fitting102 (see FIG. 1) to couple the base 120 to the pipe fitting 102 and forma connection therewith. The lower portion 200 has a through-channel 220that extends between lower and upper openings 222 and 224 (see FIGS. 3A,3B, and 5).

Referring to FIG. 5, the upper portion 202 has a sidewall 230 thatdefines an open-ended chamber 232 with upper and lower openings 234 and236. The sidewall 230 has an upper surface 233 that surrounds the upperopening 234.

The upper opening 234 is configured to receive the body 124 (see FIGS.1-3C, 6, and 10-14B) into the chamber 232. An inwardly facing surface235A of the sidewall 230 includes an annular channel or groove 238formed along the upper opening 234 of the chamber 232. Above the groove238, the sidewall 230 may include an inwardly extending projection 239.Optionally, the upper portion 202 may include downwardly extendingcutouts 237A-237D that extend from the upper surface 233 partway towardthe intermediate portion 204. In the embodiment illustrated, the cutouts237A-237D extend through the groove 238 and terminate below the groove238. Optionally, the cutouts 237A-237D may extend through the entirethickness of the sidewall 230 between the inwardly facing surface 235Aand an outwardly facing surface 235B. However, in the embodimentillustrated, the cutouts 237A-237D extend from the inwardly facingsurface 235A only partway toward the outwardly facing surface 235B ofthe sidewall 230. In such embodiments, the sidewall 230 may break ortear along one or more of the cutouts 237A-237D when the body 124 isinserted into the base 120 so that the one or more torn cutouts extendbetween the inwardly and outwardly facing surfaces 235A and 235B.

Referring to FIGS. 3A and 3B, the intermediate portion 204 includes atapered sidewall 240 that defines a channel 242 that connects the loweropening 236 of the upper portion 202 with the upper opening 224 of thelower portion 200. The upper opening 224 of the lower portion 200 issmaller than the lower opening 236 of the upper portion 202. Thus, thechannel 242 tapers toward the upper opening 224 of the lower portion200.

In the embodiment illustrated, the outside threads 212 extend partwayonto the intermediate portion 204. However, this is not a requirement.Referring to FIG. 4, an annular groove 248 extends circumferentiallyaround the outside of the intermediate portion 204 above the outsidethreads 212. The annular groove 248 is configured to receive the seal131 (e.g., an O-ring). When present, the seal 131 helps form a fluidtight seal with the pipe fitting 102 (see FIG. 1). However, optionally,the seal 131 may be omitted.

Referring to FIG. 6, the body 124 has a sidewall 250 defining a hollowinterior 252. The sidewall 250 includes an open end 254 opposite aclosed end 256. The open end 254 includes an opening 258 into theinterior 252. Referring to FIG. 5, the open end 254 (see FIGS. 2, 6, and11) is configured to be received by the upper opening 234 of the base120 and be positioned against the lower opening 236 inside the chamber232 of the base 120. Returning to FIG. 6, the hollow interior 252includes the gas chamber 150 (see FIGS. 3A, 3B, 12, 14A and 14B), whichis formed in part by the closed end 256. The hollow interior 252 isconfigured to receive the piston 126 (see FIGS. 2-3C, 7, 8, 10-12, 14A,and 14B) through the opening 258.

The sidewall 250 includes an outwardly extending locking ring or annularprojection 260. An annular groove 262 extends around the outside surfaceof the projection 260. Referring to FIG. 3A, the projection 260 isconfigured to be received inside the groove 238 when the open end 254(see FIGS. 2, 6, and 11) is received by the upper opening 234 (see FIGS.5 and 16) of the base 120. The inwardly extending projection 239 isconfigured to be received inside the groove 262 and help maintain theprojection 260 inside the groove 238. Thus, the base 120 and the body124 snap together. Together, the projections 260 and 239 and the grooves238 and 262 may be characterized as being a locking mechanism. The upperopening 234 (see FIGS. 5 and 16) may expand to allow the projection 260to travel passed the inwardly extending projection 239 and into thegroove 238. Thus, the upper opening 234 (see FIGS. 5 and 16) and thegroove 238 may be characterized as being an expanding latch system.

Referring to FIG. 6, the sidewall 250 includes circumferentiallyextending annular grooves 270 and 272 configured to receive the seals132 and 133 (see FIGS. 2-3B, 10, 14A, and 14B), respectively. Theprojection 260 (including the groove 262) and the grooves 270 and 272may be molded into the exterior of the body 124. Referring to FIG. 3A,the seals 132 and 133 (e.g., O-rings) help form a fluid tight sealbetween the body 124 and the base 120.

Referring to FIG. 2, the ferrule 122 is generally ring shaped and may beimplemented as a stainless steel reinforcement band or a stainless steellocking ring. The ferrule 122 is configured to be pressed (e.g.,crimped) against the sidewall 250 of the body 124 and the upper portion202 of the base 120 when the open end 254 of the body 124 is receivedinside the chamber 232 of the base 120 and the projection 260 isreceived inside the groove 238. Thus, the ferrule 122 may assume theouter shape of the components against which the ferrule 122 is pressed.The ferrule 122 permanently attaches the body 124 to the base 120 andprevents the body 124 and the base 120 from moving with respect to oneanother.

Referring to FIG. 7, the piston 126 has a tapered lower end portion 280opposite an upper end portion 282. A side portion 284 extends betweenthe tapered lower end portion 280 and the upper end portion 282. Thetapered lower end portion 280 has an outer shape that corresponds to thetapered sidewall 240 (see FIGS. 3A, 3B, 5, 10, and 12). Thus, as shownin FIG. 3A, the tapered lower end portion 280 (see FIGS. 3C, 7, 10, 12,and 14A) may abut the tapered sidewall 240.

Referring to FIG. 8, the piston 126 includes a channel 286 that extendsfrom an opening 288 formed in the upper end portion 282 toward thetapered lower end portion 280 (see FIGS. 3C, 7, 10, 12, and 14A).However, the channel 286 is closed inside the piston 126. The upper endportion 282 includes an outer circumferentially extending annular recess290. Optionally, the recess 290 may include outwardly extendingprojections 292A-292D. In the embodiment illustrated, the projections292A-292D extend from the side portion 284 to at or near an uppersurface 294 of the upper end portion 282.

Referring to FIG. 7, the side portion 284 includes circumferentiallyextending annular grooves 296 and 298 configured to receive the seals134 and 135 (see FIGS. 2-3C, 10, 14A and 14B), respectively. Referringto FIG. 3A, the seals 134 and 135 (e.g., O-rings) help form a fluidtight seal between the piston 126 and the body 124.

Method

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of a method 300 of constructing the arrestor100. Referring to FIG. 10, in first block 310 (see FIG. 9), the base 120is mounted in a fixture 312. Before the base 120 is mounted in thefixture 312, optionally, the seal 131 may be positioned in the groove248 (see FIG. 4) of the base 120. In the embodiment illustrated, thefixture 312 includes inside threads 314 configured to receive theoutside threads 212. Thus, threaded engagement between the threads 212and 314 maintains the connector portion 210 of the base 120 inside thefixture 312. A fluid tight seal is formed between the fixture 312 andthe connector portion 210. A nipple or nozzle 316 is inserted into thethrough-channel 220 through the lower opening 222. The nozzle 316 isconfigured to inject the gas (e.g., nitrogen) into the through-channel220 and/or the upper opening 224 of the base 120.

Next in block 320 (see FIG. 9), the piston 126 is inserted into thechamber 232 of the base 120 with the tapered lower end portion 280resting on the tapered sidewall 240 of the base 120. Before the piston126 is inserted into the chamber 232, the seals 134 and 135 arepositioned inside the annular grooves 296 and 298 (see FIG. 7).

In block 330 (see FIG. 9), the body 124 is partially inserted into thechamber 232 of the base 120. The body 124 is inserted far enough thatthe sidewall 250 of the body 124 presses against the sidewall 230 of thebase 120 and forms a gas tight seal therewith. In the embodimentillustrated, the seal 132 forms a gas tight seal between the body 124and the base 120.

Returning to FIG. 10, in block 340 (see FIG. 9), the gas (e.g.,nitrogen) is injected through the nozzle 316 into the lower opening 222of the base 120 with sufficient pressure to push the piston 126 upwardlyand away from the tapered sidewall 240 of the base 120 as shown in FIG.10. As shown in FIG. 11, when in this configuration, a gap 342 isdefined between the piston 126 and the body 124. The gas passes upwardlythrough the gap 342 (see FIG. 11) and into the interior 252 of the body124. Gravity holds the piston 126 in place as the gas travels past thepiston 126, through the gap 342, and into the body 124. The pressure andvolume of the injected gas is controlled to prevent the piston 126 fromtraveling upwardly into the interior 252 of the body 124 and blockingflow of the gas into the interior 252 of the body 124.

A recess 346 may be formed in an inside surface 344 of the sidewall 250along the open end 254. In the embodiment illustrated, the recess 346includes an angled or chamfered lowermost portion 348. The recess 346 isconfigured to ensure the gap 342 is sufficiently large to allow the gas(e.g., nitrogen) to pass therethrough into the interior 252 of the body124. In the embodiment illustrated, the seal 135 is positioned at leastpartially within the recess 346. The recess 346 spaces the sidewall 250of the body 124 away from the seal 135 and prevents the seal 135 fromengaging the sidewall 250 of the body 124. Thus, at least a portion ofthe gap 342 may be positioned inside the recess 246.

The seal between the body 124 and the base 120 (e.g., formed by the seal132) prevents the gas from escaping as the gas is injected through thelower opening 222. In this way, the arrestor 100 (see FIGS. 1-3B and13-14B) is charged with the gas. The seal 132 keeps the gas (e.g.,nitrogen) from escaping until pressure is equalized. The pressure isequalized when the pressure inside the interior 252 of the body 124 isequal to the pressure of the gas entering the lower opening 222 (seeFIGS. 3A-4 and 10) of the base 120. When this occurs, the tapered lowerend portion 280 returns to the resting position on the tapered sidewall240 of the base 120 illustrated in FIG. 3A. Referring to FIG. 10, inthis position, the piston 126 seals the gas inside the base 120 and thebody 124. At this point, the body 124 is pressurized.

Referring to FIG. 12, in block 350 (see FIG. 9), the body 124 is pressedinto the chamber 232 of the base 120 until the projection 260 isreceived inside the groove 238 and the projection 239 is received insidethe groove 262 (or the locking mechanism engages), which locks the body124 and the base 120 together. This installs the piston 126 in place,and holds the base 120 and the body 124 together so that the ferrule 122may be installed. Referring to FIG. 11, pressing the body 124 into thebase 120 also pushes the recess 346 beyond the seal 135 allowing theseal 135 to engage the sidewall 250 of the body 124. In other words,pressing the body 124 into the base 120 eliminates the gap 342 so thatthe gas can no longer flow between the piston 126 and the body 124.Thus, referring to FIG. 12, at this point, the gas is trapped inside thegas chamber 150. Further, the base 120 reinforces nearly half the lengthof the body 124, which reduces creep potential (or expansion of the openend 254) caused by internal pressure inside the gas chamber 150.Additionally, the projection 260 and/or the ferrule 122 may also helpprevent the open end 254 from being stretched or expanded by theinternal pressure inside the gas chamber 150.

Referring to FIG. 10, pressing the body 124 into the base 120 alsopushes the seal 133 into engagement with the sidewall 230 of the base120 and the seal 134 into engagement with the sidewall 250 of the body124. Thus, a lower portion of the sidewall 250 of the body 124 issandwiched between the piston 126 and the sidewall 230 of the base 120.As the body 124 is pressed into the chamber 232 of the base 120, any gasinside the chamber 232 may be compressed and push the piston 126upwardly and away from the tapered sidewall 240 of the base 120. Thus,the gas inside the chamber 232 may exit therefrom between the taperedlower end portion 280 of the piston 126 and the tapered sidewall 240(e.g., after the nozzle 316 has been moved from the through-channel220).

Referring to FIG. 12, in block 360 (see FIG. 9), the ferrule 122 isinstalled by sliding the ferrule 122 over the body 124 (along adirection identified by an arrow 362) and pressing (e.g., crimping) theferrule 122 against both the sidewall 250 and the upper portion 202 ofthe base 120.

Next, in block 370 (see FIG. 9), the base 120 is removed (e.g.,unthreaded) from the fixture 312. Then, the method 300 (see FIG. 9)terminates.

Alternative Embodiment

FIGS. 13-14B illustrate an alternate embodiment of the arrestor 100constructed with a second embodiment of a base 120′ that has been usedinstead and in place of the base 120 (see FIGS. 1-5 and 10-12). Like thebase 120, the base 120′ may be constructed (e.g., molded, cast, forged,machined, and the like) from any suitable material, including plastic(e.g., CPVC) and/or metal. As shown in FIGS. 13-14B, together, the base120′ and the body 124 form a housing 140′ that is locked together by theferrule 122 and is substantially similar to the housing 140 (see FIGS.1, 3A, and 3B).

Referring to FIG. 15, the base 120′ has a lower portion 400 opposite anupper portion 402. The base 120 also includes an intermediate portion404 (see FIGS. 14A, 14B, and 16) positioned between the lower and upperportions 400 and 402. Referring to FIG. 16, the lower portion 400 has athrough-channel 406 that extends between lower and upper openings 407and 408.

Referring to FIG. 15, the lower portion 400 has a connector portion 410configured to be coupled to a free end of a tube or pipe 412 of the pipeassembly 101 (see FIG. 1) and to form a connection therewith. The pipe412 may include one of the pipe(s) 104 (see FIG. 1) or a pipe connectedto the pipe(s) 104. In the embodiment illustrated, together, theconnector portion 410, the seal 131, and ring-shaped internal connectorcomponents 414 form a push-to-fit coupler 420. By way of a non-limitingexample, the push-to-fit coupler 420 may be implemented using any of thefluid couplings disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,464,266, filed on May 12,2000, and titled Tube Coupling, which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

In the embodiment illustrated, the connector portion 410 houses the seal131 and the connector components 414 inside the through-channel 406 (seeFIGS. 14A, 16, and 17). The connector components 414 include a firstgripper ring 422, a second gripper ring 424, and an end bushing 426. Thefirst and second gripper rings 416 and 418 are substantially identicalto one another. Each of the first and second gripper rings 422 and 424includes a central through-hole 428 configured to allow the pipe 412 topass therethrough. Each of the first and second gripper rings 422 and424 includes a plurality of fingers 429 that extend into thethrough-hole 428. The fingers 429 of the first and second gripper rings422 and 424 are configured to grip the pipe 412 when the pipe 412 ispositioned inside the through-holes 428. Each of the first and secondgripper rings 422 and 424 may include one or more keyways 430 and 432positioned along their outer circumferences.

Referring to FIG. 17, the connector portion 410 may include one or morekeys 440 and 442 that extend inwardly into the through-channel 406. Thekeys 440 and 442 are configured to be received by the keyways 430 and432 (see FIG. 15), respectively, and prevent the first and secondgripper rings 422 and 424 (see FIGS. 13A and 15) from rotating insidethe through-channel 406.

The connector portion 410 may include first, second, and third shoulders450, 452, and 460 formed along the through-channel 406. Referring toFIG. 13A, the first gripper ring 422 may abut the first shoulder 450,which is configured to prevent the first gripper ring 422 from travelingdeeper into the through-channel 406 toward the upper opening 408. Theseal 131 may abut the second shoulder 452, which is configured toprevent the seal 131 from traveling deeper into the through-channel 406toward the upper opening 408. Thus, the seal 131 is sandwiched betweenthe second shoulder 452 and the first gripper ring 422. Referring toFIG. 17, the third should 460 is positioned near the upper opening 408and is configured to limit or stop the travel of the pipe 412 (see FIG.15) into the through-channel 406. In the embodiment illustrated, one ormore spacer projections 462 extend downwardly from the third should 460.The pipe 412 (see FIG. 15) may abut the spacer projection(s) 462 whenthe pipe 412 is fully inserted into the through-channel 406.

Referring to FIG. 14A, the end bushing 426 has an upper portion 470configured to be positioned inside the through-channel 406 within theconnector portion 410 of the base 120′. Opposite the upper portion 470,the end bushing 426 has a lower portion 480 that extends outwardlybeyond the connector portion 410 and abuts the lower portion 400 of thebase 120′. The end bushing 426 may be press fit inside the connectorportion 410. The end bushing 426 is positioned immediately adjacent thesecond gripper ring 424 and helps retain the first and second gripperrings 422 and 424 and the seal 131 inside the through-channel 406 withinthe connector portion 410. Referring to FIG. 15, the end bushing 426includes a central through-channel 488 configured to allow the pipe 412to pass therethrough into the through-holes 428 of the first and secondgripper rings 422 and 424 and into engagement with the third shoulder460 (see FIG. 17).

Referring to FIG. 16, the upper portion 402 is substantially identicalto the upper portion 202 (see FIGS. 2-5, 10 and 12). Thus, the upperportion 402 includes the sidewall 230 that defines the chamber 232having the upper and lower openings 234 and 236. The upper opening 234is configured to receive the body 124 (see FIGS. 1-3C, 6, and 10-14B)into the chamber 232. Further, the sidewall 230 includes the groove 238formed along the upper opening 234 and the inwardly extending projection239 positioned above the groove 238. Referring to FIG. 15, optionally,the upper portion 402 may include the downwardly extending cutouts237A-237D (described above) that extend from the upper surface 233 ofthe upper portion 402 partway toward the intermediate portion 404 (seeFIGS. 14A, 14B, and 16).

Referring to FIG. 16, the intermediate portion 404 includes a taperedsidewall 490 that is substantially identical to the tapered sidewall 240(see FIGS. 3A, 3B, 5, 10, and 12) and defines a channel 492 (see FIG. 3)that connects the lower opening 236 of the upper portion 402 with theupper opening 408 of the lower portion 400 (see FIG. 14A-17). The upperopening 408 of the lower portion 400 (see FIG. 14A-17) is smaller thanthe lower opening 236 of the upper portion 402. Thus, like the channel242 (see FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 5), the channel 492 tapers toward the upperopening 408 of the lower portion 400. Also, referring to FIG. 14A, likethe tapered sidewall 240 (see FIGS. 3A, 3B, 5, 10, and 12), the shape ofthe tapered sidewall 490 corresponds to the outer shape of the taperedlower end portion 280 (see FIGS. 3C, 7, 10, 12, and 14A) of the piston126. Thus, as shown in FIG. 14A, the tapered lower end portion 280 mayabut the tapered sidewall 490 and form a fluid tight seal therewith.

As shown in FIG. 14B, the gas is compressed when the piston 126 moves inthe compression direction (identified by the arrow 142). Conversely,referring to FIG. 14A, the gas decompresses when the piston 126 moves inthe decompression direction (identified by the arrow 144). The taperedlower end portion 280 of the piston 126 rests on the tapered sidewall490 of the base 120′ until a pressure wave in the pipe assembly 101 (seeFIG. 1) causes the piston 126 to move (as shown in FIG. 14B) toward thecompression direction (identified by the arrow 142). This causes the gasto absorb at least some of the energy of the pressure wave therebyreducing and/or eliminate the water hammer. When the pressure wave hasdissipated, the piston 126 moves in the decompression direction(identified by the arrow 144) and returns to its resting position on thebase 120′ illustrated in FIG. 14A.

Referring to FIG. 15, the method 300 (see FIG. 9) may be performed toconstruct the arrestor 100 with the base 120′. In first block 310 (seeFIG. 9), the base 120′ (with the seal 131 and the connector components414 installed therein to form the push-to-fit coupler 420) is mounted ina fixture (not shown). The nozzle 316 (see FIG. 10) is received by thepush-to-fit coupler 420.

Then, referring to FIG. 14A, in block 320 (see FIG. 9), the piston 126(with the seals 134 and 135 are positioned inside the annular grooves296 and 298 illustrated in FIG. 7) is inserted into the chamber 232 (seeFIGS. 15 and 16) of the base 120′ with the tapered lower end portion 280resting on the tapered sidewall 490.

Next, referring to FIG. 10, in block 330 (see FIG. 9), the body 124 ispartially inserted into the chamber 232 of the base 120′ (see FIGS.13-17) with the seal 132 forming a fluid tight seal between the body 124and the base 120′.

Referring to FIG. 14A, in block 340 (see FIG. 9), the nozzle 316 (seeFIG. 10) injects the gas (e.g., nitrogen) into the upper opening 408 ofthe base 120′ with sufficient pressure to push the piston 126 upwardlyand away from the tapered sidewall 490. Referring to FIG. 11, the gaspasses upwardly through the gap 342 and into the interior 252 of thebody 124 until the body 124 is pressurized.

Referring to FIG. 14A, in block 350 (see FIG. 9), the body 124 ispressed into the chamber 232 (see FIGS. 15 and 16) of the base 120′until the projection 260 is received inside the groove 238 (or thelocking mechanism engages), which locks the body 124 and the base 120′together.

In block 360 (see FIG. 9), the ferrule 122 is installed by sliding theferrule 122 over the body 124 (along the direction identified by thearrow 362 in FIG. 12) and pressing (e.g., crimping) the ferrule 122against both the sidewall 250 and the upper portion 402 of the base120′.

Next, in block 370 (see FIG. 9), the base 120′ is removed from thefixture (not shown). Then, the method 300 (see FIG. 9) terminates.

The ferrule 122 reinforces the housing 140 or 140′ and handles loadapplied by the gas inside the gas chamber 150, which leaves the arrestor100 to deal with only the normal forces that the pipe assembly 101 (seeFIG. 1) must endure. Thus, the arrestor 100 may be characterized asbeing a hybrid type pressure vessel unlike other arrestors available inthe industry.

The foregoing described embodiments depict different componentscontained within, or connected with, different other components. It isto be understood that such depicted architectures are merely exemplary,and that in fact many other architectures can be implemented whichachieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangementof components to achieve the same functionality is effectively“associated” such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, anytwo components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality canbe seen as “associated with” each other such that the desiredfunctionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedialcomponents. Likewise, any two components so associated can also beviewed as being “operably connected,” or “operably coupled,” to eachother to achieve the desired functionality.

While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shownand described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that,based upon the teachings herein, changes and modifications may be madewithout departing from this invention and its broader aspects and,therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope allsuch changes and modifications as are within the true spirit and scopeof this invention. Furthermore, it is to be understood that theinvention is solely defined by the appended claims. It will beunderstood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein,and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appendedclaims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term“including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” theterm “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term“includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,”etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if aspecific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such anintent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence ofsuch recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid tounderstanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of theintroductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claimrecitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed toimply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinitearticles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing suchintroduced claim recitation to inventions containing only one suchrecitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases“one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or“an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “atleast one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use ofdefinite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, evenif a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitlyrecited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitationshould typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number(e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without othermodifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or morerecitations).

Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appendedclaims.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method of constructing a device forarresting a shock wave in a fluid in a pipe, the method comprising:mounting a base to a fixture, the base comprising first and secondopenings into an interior; inserting a piston into the interior throughthe second opening; inserting an open end of a body into the secondopening of the base, the piston being received inside the open end, thebody having a sidewall positioned between the piston and the base, a gapbeing defined between the piston and the sidewall of the body; injectinggas into the interior through the first opening, the gas traveling fromthe interior through the gap and into the body; pressing the bodyfurther into the interior of the base until an outwardly extendingannular projection of the body is received inside a groove formed in thebase, engagement between the annular projection and the groove holdingthe body and base together, the gap being eliminated and the gas beingtrapped inside the body when the body is pressed further into theinterior of the base; and removing the base from the fixture.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising: installing a ferrule around afirst portion of the base and a second portion of the body, the ferrulelocking the base and the body together.
 3. The method of claim 1,further comprising: installing a first seal around the sidewall of thebody before the open end of the body is inserted into the second openingof the base, the first seal forming a first fluid tight seal between thebody and the base after the open end of the body is inserted into thesecond opening and before the body is pressed further into the base. 4.The method of claim 3, wherein the sidewall includes a recess formedalong the open end, the gap is defined at least in part by the recess,the method further comprises installing a second seal around the pistonbefore the piston is inserted into the interior of the base, the secondseal is at least partially positioned inside the recess after the openend of the body is inserted into the second opening and before the bodyis pressed further into the base, the recess is configured to preventthe second seal from forming a second fluid tight seal with the body,and a portion of the gap is defined between the second seal and therecess.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein pressing the body further intothe base pushes the recess passed the second seal and the sidewall ofthe body into engagement with the second seal thereby eliminating thegap and forming the second fluid tight seal between the body and thepiston.
 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: installing a thirdseal around the sidewall of the body before the open end of the body isinserted into the second opening of the base, the third seal beingpositioned outside the second opening of the base after the open end ofthe body is inserted into the second opening and before the body ispressed further into the base, and pressing the body further into thebase pushes the third seal through the second opening and intoengagement with the base thereby forming a third fluid tight sealbetween the body and the base.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein theannular projection comprises an annular groove, the base comprises aninwardly extending projection adjacent the groove, the inwardlyextending projection is configured to be received inside the annulargroove, and engagement between the inwardly extending projection and theannular groove helps hold the body and the base together.
 8. The methodof claim 1, wherein the fixture includes a threaded opening, the basecomprises a threaded connector portion configured to be received insidethe threaded opening of the fixture, the base is mounted to the fixtureby threaded engagement between the threaded connector portion and thethreaded opening, the method further comprises installing a seal abovethe threaded connector portion before the base is mounted to thefixture, and the seal helps form a fluid tight seal between the base andthe fixture.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the base comprises apush-to-fit coupler configured to be mounted to the fixture.
 10. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising: inserting a nozzle into theinterior through the first opening wherein the gas injected by thenozzle.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the piston comprises atapered lower end portion, the base comprises a tapered sidewall, andinserting the piston into the interior through the second openingcomprises resting the tapered lower end portion on the tapered sidewall.